Hume and Epicurus †Philosophy Essay

Hume and Epicurus – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers Hume and Epicurus Philosophy Essay How often have we looked at the night sky and wondered at the splendor of the stars and planets glowing at us? How often do we see the majesty of the flowers or hear the beating of our heart and, overwhelmed by the sheer magnificence of the order and beauty, feel the presence of a Supreme Creator? So goes the design argument- it proclaims that because of the order and brilliance of the universe, it follows that there must be a rational, intelligent creator. Hume, in his work An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, actually responds to the argument in a unique way. In fact, he does not criticize the argument itself, but sets it aside and goes about a criticism of the consequences of the reasoning by which those who accept the design case infer morality and all manner of characteristics about God that cannot be seen directly from nature. The cosmos is a wondrous place. One only has to look at the planets and their circular orbits to conclude, at least in our definition, that we have quite an ordered universe around us. And thus since the recorded beginnings of man’s history it has been. However, because of skeptics who do not see God in the creations of the world, quite a bit of religious philosophy has been written inferring the existence of a god; not only a god, however, but the God we know and are familiar with, that Great Existence that rewards virtue and punishes vice. In Hume’s philosophy, although he admits a god could feasibly be inferred from the marvels of the natural world, he rejects any additional inferences about God that do not relate to the effects of the natural world itself. Epicurus was a philosopher in Athens who headed a movement called Epicureanism. This school of thought believed the highest goal in life was pleasure and the absence of pain, although pleasure of the mind was preferable to pleasure of the body. Their theology was quite passive, and though most Epicureans admitted to the existence of gods, the deities did not concern themselves with human affairs. Additionally, they were not involved in the natural phenomena, which could be completely explained by science- a philosophy derived from Democritus’ theory of the atom. In Hume’s An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding, he takes the place of Epicurus in philosophical defense. He feigns the position against the Athenians, who, during the time of Epicurus, denounced his philosophy. Hume’s central argument concerns the various roles of cause and effect. One can often infer cause from an effect, he says. For example, he even uses the design argument and admits that the first half can be correct; in other words, it could indeed follow that there is a creator from the wonders of the natural world. However, one cannot then, from that cause, conclude that there are many more effects that cannot be seen from the natural world itself. The design argument, fails then- at least that part that concludes that the God of Christianity or Jupiter, or any other specific god exists and has all the benevolent and just characteristics that are often attributed to him. Hume uses the example of the Greek artist Zeuxis, who was an excellent painter. You cannot simply look at Zeuxis’ paintings and also know that he was a great sculptor, just as you cannot look at God’s creations and know that he is a just being, or that he has a spirit or that he rewards virtue a nd punishes vice. The only thing you can know is that He has the power to create a tree, or an ocean, or a planet or whatever you see ordered and evidently from Him. Thus, having a fervent religious belief in God based on reason is impossible and absurd, according to Hume. We can see an unfinished building with the tools of building all around it, and be quite certain that someone either is going to come around to finish it, or that somehow the unfinished building was held up in manufacture. However, we can infer all these things because we are basing on the actions of humans, with which we are quite familiar. Knowledge about God, who we cannot see or have no real familiarity with, cannot be inferred in the same way. Nowhere in his dialogue does Hume condemn religion itself. He does not deny God or the existence of morals and the importance of virtue and excellence. However, he is quite skillful at showing that our reason is limited. He shows that we must start from what we know and admit as only hypothesis anything from our belief in God that we do not know for certain and cannot conclude from the amazing magnificence around us. Research Papers on Hume and Epicurus - Philosophy EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMind TravelGenetic EngineeringAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCapital PunishmentRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Top 10 Resources About College Graduate Resume Writing

Top 10 Resources About College Graduate Resume Writing Which is more difficult – making it through college or writing the resume once commencement is behind you? Even though youve spent the past few years writing papers every time you turn around, once you sit down to prepare your first post graduate resume, chances are youll find yourself with the most intense case of writers block youve ever had. If it is the case you might need to get acquainted with our step-by-step guide on writing resume. Writing about yourself and your academic accomplishments for a resume can be difficult, but there are some great resources out there that can help make it a lot easier. Yale Undergraduate Career Services You may not have scored an Ivy League education, but you can still have a resume that looks like you did. The Yale Undergraduate Career Services website is an amazing resource filled with tips and tricks for everything from creating that resume to acing the interview. With workshops, videos and tips on formatting, the pros at Yale can help you craft an amazing resume that will get you noticed. Their resume writing tips focus mainly on formatting guidelines and the best way t organize your information. Website Top Tip: Make sure your resume can be read on computers, tablets and smartphones – you never know how the executive you want to impress accesses his or her emails. ocs.yale.edu Grad to Great The Grad to Great website offers up advice on resume writing for recent graduates who dont know where to begin. The websites provides sample templates of the three top resume styles that you can download and tweak to fit your own style. They also provide a slew of employment and networking resources and you can follow them on Twitter for a daily nudge. Website Top Tip: Get back to basics with a resume that features plenty of white space, solid facts about your achievements and a professional approach. gradtogreat.com Monster Of course, if you want to get a job it helps to hit the job networking websites, and Monster has become the King of the Hill. Monster provides more than national job postings, though, they also offer up a number of helpful articles and tutorials for recent graduates as well as those who have been in the game for years. Website Top Tip: Break free from the traditional chronological format if youre just coming out of college. Use a more modern format that works to highlight your academic, civic and community achievements if youre lacking on real world job experience. career-advice.monster.com College Grad The College Grad website looks pretty basic at first glance, but dont let its simplistic style mislead you. The College Grad website packs in plenty of substance – from free resume wizards to samples you can download and make your own. They also offer specialized tips for video or creative resumes for graduates looking into positions in the creative arts or who just want to stand out from the crowd. Website Top Tip: Treat yourself like a product and it can make it easier to write a resume that focuses on selling you effectively. collegegrad.com College Central College Central works as a hub connecting college graduates with employers looking to actively hire. They also provide content that focuses both on resume writing and networking in addition to tips on getting a promotion and making the most of your position once you land the job. Website Top Tip: Build relationships with bosses, co-workers and anyone else you come into contact with from the minute you walk through the door on an interview. Make yourself at home and your interviewer will be better able to imagine you there. collegecentral.com Resume-Help.Org Resume-Help is another stripped down website that embodies the substance over style philosophy. Their simple and clean website offers up templates, samples and tips on formatting that can help you to create a simple but powerful resume no matter what field youre in. Website Top Tip: Be specific about your accomplishments. Instead of mentioning that you worked as a manager, mention how many people you managed or the profits the company experienced during that time. resume-help.org IMDiversity The IMDiversity website offers a way for employers and candidates to connect on a whole new level. They focus primarily on recent graduates as well as diversity, hence the name. IMDiversity is especially helpful for students who focused mainly on their academics and so may not have the employment experience they think they need. Website Top Tip: When developing your resume, use volunteer work, committee experience and other social or civic duties to highlight experience and abilities if youre short of real world job experience. imdiversity.com New Grad Life New Grad Life covers everything recent graduates need to know about approaching the career market, self promotion and nailing the interview. They also offer some job postings, though their positions arent as varied as some other websites. Their resume help, however, focuses on the newest ways to market yourself, including how to make an online resume pop. Website Top Tip: When setting up an online resume or portfolio use file sharing systems, your personal blog, RSS Feeds and other web savvy applications to show what you can do across a number of platforms. newgradlife.blogspot.com Experience As their name implies, the Experience website is all about getting the experience you need in order to get the career you want. Their career help covers initial resume building, interview skills and tips on internships and continuing education. Website Top Tip: While creativity is important, dont bombard potential employers with too much. Keep resumes and portfolios clean, stylized and streamlined in order to make the biggest impact. experience.com Theres also one website we didnt mention, guess what is it? Its EssayTigers! Weve completed several articles on writing resume for college students, including basic resume rules and how to write resume with no job experience. One more way to get help from us is to ask our professional writers for help!

Review of lay literature article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Review of lay literature - Article Example The therapist may perform a validated remedy erroneously, or conduct unnecessary exercises that a patient does not need for recovery. Further on, the authors advise the reader to be ready to push him or herself during their exercise routine. Relying too much on heat and ice does not speed up recovery, and the physical therapist requires spending not too much time applying these two on the injury. It is a fact that many therapists hesitate to push their patients especially in the case where they are old. In knee replacement cases, the author urges the reader not to agree to wear a continuous passive motion machine because there is no proven evidence that this device works. Instead, the patient should participate in exercise as soon as 24 hours after surgery for quicker recovery. Whirlpools, on the other hand, are of no significance in aiding recovery despite their use on wounds for more than 100 years. The author of the article deliberated with experts at the American Physical Therapy Association in a bid to advise the reader on recommendations for quicker recovery when consulting a physical therapist. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) is an individual U.S. membership national association constituting a pool of more than 90,000 professional physical therapists, physical therapists assistants, and physical therapist students. 3 The organization seeks to improve and enhance the quality of life of individuals. It achieves this objective by making headway for the physical therapist practice, education and research, and expands awareness and apprehension of physical therapy’s role in the healthcare of the nation. The editors of Consumer Reports target and seek to inform any reader because one never knows when they might get an injury or an accident that will require the services of a physical therapist. They do not limit the advice to those readers with serious

Marketing - Real-World Write-ups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing - Real-World Write-ups - Essay Example Nevertheless, MTV does not actually target Generation X (1965 to 1979) since 2009 after observing decline in viewership and subsequently in revenues. MTV, therefore, introduced new TV shows, reality programs and series such as ‘Jersey Shore’, ‘16 and Pregnant’, ‘Teen Mom’, ‘My Life as Liz’, ‘The Hard Times of RJ Berger’ and ‘Skins’ for the younger consumers to enhance viewership, relationships with advertisers and financial revenues from advertising and sponsorships. The popularity of teenage singer (16 years) Justin Bieber has compelled MTV to sponsor his programs for enhancing its reach among teens with unique tastes and preferences, while having stable buying power and income. However, exposure of eroticism and sexual content in ‘Skins’ also adversely impacted MTV because its advertising partners do not endorse such vulgarity and consider that act against their Code of Conduct. For instance, the audience also declined by 50%, thereby validating that negative entertainment is not acceptable at all. In conclusion, MTV has once again increased its viewership because of its innovation and differentiation strategies, thereby enabling TV channel to enhance stakeholders’ inclination towards MTV.

History of Sport Essay Example for Free

History of Sport Essay The effect of sports on today’s world, particularly in the United States, is indeed profound. The history of sport has the potential to teach us a great deal about social changes and the nature of sport itself. Over the past twenty-five years or so, the field of history has expanded, embracing a broader view of historical topics and going far beyond political and military history in refiguring the historical paths of this and other nations (Nelson). Throughout the many years during the Pre-Colonial era, Colonial era, Industrial Revolution, Post Civil War, and the Twentieth Century, the sports industry was created with several factors affecting its formation. The Pre-Colonial era consisted of the time prior to 1500’s. During this time in North America, the land had been consumed by the Native Americans and their culture. Population was spreading widely across the continent. The people of this era were found to be genuine and quiet. Daily activities such as hunting, farming, running, and warfare slowly turned into more of physical activity and competitive games for leisure. Recreational play was seen as an outlet. Physical activity and games, more often than not, were linked to spiritual beliefs. Staying â€Å"fit† was essential. Common sports known during pre-colonial time were lacrosse, archery, and running. Colonial America started with the Puritans bombarding America during 1600-1800 A. D. to break away from the churches, religions, and beliefs. The Puritans were found to be extremely hard working which was a result from the motivation of staying alive. The Puritans were also widely known (and still to this day) of being very religiously involved. Games were considered to be â€Å"wicked† or sinful; such as gambling and drinking. Aside from the Puritans, sport marketing started to make an appearance during the Colonial era, leading to the growth of interest and participation in sports. Tavern owners were the first known sport marketers on record. Taverns would announce games and sport through posters and word of mouth. During this time the common sports were found to fit the lifestyle and culture; such as horse racing, running, arm wrestling, rifle, cockfighting, and boxing. Colonial America was the start to our sporting industry. The Technological Industrial Revolution occurred along with the Post Civil War era during 1800-1900. Throughout these one hundred years the sport industry was growing rapidly along with technology, factories, immigration, companies, and educational systems. Due to the growth in technology and factories, citizens had more time and more money; therefore recreation was used to fill downtime causing our sport industry to grow further. Faster modes of travel started to develop and be more convenient, helping organized sports form. Immigrants added to the industry by introducing their sports to America as well. Modern spectator sports were on a rise such as boxing, running, and horse racing. However, the Civil War era negatively affected sports by slowing sport activities due to the lack of men and overall population in society. Once men started leaving for war more and more women took jobs that had once belonged to men, which was a huge impact on society as this was the first sign of equality between men and women (Nelson). The working structure was seen as â€Å"feminizing† society, sports helped to â€Å"masculine† society. Wealth was on the rise after the war forcing sports to become very class specific, and the upper class tried to exclude lower classes; Class and race were a deciding factor for accepted participation in sports. The first known organized sports team; New York Knickerbockers’ were a baseball club created in the 1840’s and Intercollegiate Athletics first event occurred in 1852, Harvard and Yale competed in a rowing contest. Society was soon hooked on sports. The era of Twentieth Century made the most dramatic century of growth yet for the sports industry. Sports became part of our educational system as organizations formed to work together creating codifications for different sports, improving equipment, and increasing social involvement. Sports were taken to a very serious level in the early 1900’s. In 1904 the NCAA was founded to hold conferences, regulate rules along with player eligibility, and made coaches from educators. Competitive sports led to changes in our educational system when it established physical education positions. These positions forced research into sports because of the need for better and newer physical education curriculum. At first, Females were allowed to be involved in sports at a noncompetitive level or to promote health. The participation of women in sports grew over time however, with society being the critical factor. Upper-class and middle-class women were absolutely restricted from playing sports as it was thought to not be â€Å"proper. † The National Football League was created in 1911 which turned out to be a major step in the development of sports as entertainment. In 1941 society’s values of class, sex, and race was evident when Joe Namath signed a contract for $400,000 while Curt Flood, a slave had a salary of nothing. In 1972, Title Nine was put into act guaranteeing no discrimination regarding sex for sport institutions. Transportation was even more advanced helping organized sports teams compete against one another. Television and newspapers impacted sports by airing sporting events, criticizing and critiquing each play, as well as displaying the opinion of the program broadcasters. The most popular, known, and leading sports network ESPN aired its first national NFL broadcast in 1987 (Giordano). ESPN started offering magazines, national sports radio, and satellite radio in 1992 in attempt to curve the educational desire of the sporting society. ESPN changed the culture of sports. The history of sport is most likely as old as the existence of man. Physical activity, games, and daily activities contributed to the creation of organized sports with codification. Throughout the many years during the Pre-Colonial era, Colonial era, Industrial Revolution, Post Civil War, and the Twentieth Century, the sports industry has proved several, very different, and unexpected factors affecting its formation. The sports industry is continuing to grow rapidly year after year, changing with society’s values and lifestyle. Works Citied Giordano , Peter. The Evolution of ESPN. SOP: News, Interviews, More.. (2007): n. page. Web. 14 Sep. 2011. http://thesop. org/story/sports/2007/04/29/the-evolution-of-espn. php. Kindred. Century is over get the lights. Sporting News 224. 1 (2000): 63. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Sept. 2011. McClung, Lisa R. , and Nancy E. Spencer. Women and Sport in the 1990s: Reflections on Embracing Stars, Ignoring Players. . Journal of Sport Management 15. 4 (2001): 318. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Sept. 2011. Nelson, Murry. Sports History as a Vehicle for Social and Cultural Understanding in American History. Social Studies 96. 3 (2005): 118-125. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 13 Sept. 2011.

The One-Drop Rule Essay -- Racial Issues

The growth in the multiracial population in the United States of America since the 1970’s has greatly increased and is continuing to increase. Although the number of biracial and multiracial Americans is relatively small to the total population at 5 million, the multiracial population is growing at a rate of ten times faster than that of the White population (Stuckey 2008). These facts weren’t officially known until the United States government’s verdict to allow individuals to claim multiple races on the 2000 US census. Along with these aspects, the increased exposure of multiracial public figures and celebrities such as Tiger Woods, Halle Berry, and Barack Obama, has caused the focus of public discussion and scholarly attention on multiracial people to increase greatly. Much of this discussion focuses on racial identity. Racial Identity is put to question in censuses and other polls, applications, and in personal meetings. When it comes to answering in these si tuations I believe most biracial White-Black people internally identify as Black, and describe how both Blacks and Whites see them as Black. I argue that the one-drop rule still shapes racial identity. Blacks and Whites first began mixing significantly in America in the 17th and 18th centuries, between African slaves and the European indentured servants. Fearing that these interracial relationships would tarnish the purity of the White race, states passed laws in the 1660s to prohibit interracial marriage. Despite these strict anti miscegenation laws, the relationships continued, sometimes through consent and other times through force, as White slave owners often raped their Black female slaves. As a result, many multiracial children were born as the circumstance of bru... ...h to Understanding the Racial Identification of Multiracial adolescents. Conference Papers—American Sociological Association, 1-22 Pearlmann, J. and Mary Waters. 2002. The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Qian, Zhenchao. 2004. â€Å"Options: Racial/Ethnic Identification of Children of Intermarried Couples.† Social Science Quarterly 85:746–65. Rockquemore, Kerry Ann, and David L. Brunsma. 2002a. Beyond Black: Biracial Identity in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Roth, W. 2005. The End of the One-Drop rule? Labeling of Multiracial children in Black Inermarriages. Sociological Forum, 20(1), 35-67 Stuckey, M. (2008, May 28). Multiracial americans surge in number, voice. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24542138/ns/us_news-gut_check/t/multiracial-americans-surge-number-voice/

OCR physics B research project Essay

Originally most people believed that the universe was constant as this seemed both more sensible and more comforting. Most Greeks set the planets, sun and other stars in a series of fixed spheres. Newton’s religious beliefs lead him to create a static and eternal model of the universe where there is an infinite number of stars and each of them are the same and equally distant equally distant, thus causing their attractions to cancel out, despite obvious problems with this idea. Even once most scientists agreed that the universe is expanding or that it has done so in the past, there was much speculation about why it is expanding and what will happen to it in the future. Hypotheses such as the Big Bang and Steady State models of the universe have persuaded physicists over the past century. Some remain in favour while many others have been dismissed on the basis of observational evidence. The static universe This was historically the most popular view as it seems to fit best with everyday experience of the universe. Until Newton developed his Theory of Gravitation, there seemed to be no particular reason to dismiss this idea. It became ingrained in the minds of many people to the extent that scientists who could see that it was not consistent with currently accepted Theories rejected the idea of a changing universe. Once the idea of a universal attraction between masses was introduced, people used two different ideas to justify a belief in a static universe. The first was that God held everything apart. The second was by introducing a force which opposed gravity on a large scale. When Einstein formulated his Theory of General Relativity, he introduced a force called the â€Å"cosmological constant† to fit in with his views of a stationary universe. Speculation regarding a non-eternal and expanding universe Olber’s paradox, first described in 1823, suggests that the idea of an infinite universe does not fit with observational evidence. If there is an infinite number of stars, an infinitely large amount of light should reach us. From this, it can be concluded that the universe is not infinite in size and age. After the Russian mathematician, Alexander Friedmann, learned of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, he saw that it implied a changing universe. He saw the cosmological constant as unnecessary. In 1922 he published an article in a publication called Zeitschrift fur Physik. In this he put forward three possible realities based upon his calculations. He worked from the starting point of an expanding universe; this allows everything plenty of time to happen, while a universe created in a static state might be expected to contract in a small amount of time. The scenarios differed in their average density of the universe. A high average density relative to speed of expansion would lead gravity to pull all matter back to one point, an idea now commonly referred to as a Big Crunch. A low density would leave the gravitational attraction too weak to stop the expansion completely. The universe would expand forever and become cold and desolate. In the remaining option, the density would be enough to slow the expansion to a rate low enough to give a universe that remains roughly the same size for a long period. Einstein rejected Friedmann’s work, initially claiming that the calculations were incorrect. He eventually admitted that the work was mathematically sound, but he maintained that it did not represent reality. If the assumption that the universe is expanding is removed, collapse is the only possible outcome. Justification for this assumption was required and it soon arrived as a result of meticulous observation and measurement of the stars by Edwin Hubble. But first, another important idea was announced. In 1927, a Belgian cosmologist named Georges Lemaitre reasoned that if the universe is expanding, it must have previously been smaller. He extrapolated back from this to theorize that the whole universe must have once been small and compact. He called this state the â€Å"primeval atom† and it was the origin of the Big Bang Theory. This is not the only possible logical conclusion of the creation of an expanding universe, but it seems the most obvious and simple one, and therefore the first choice using Ockham’s Razor, the idea that a simple solution is usually preferable to one that seems needlessly complicated. Lemaitre’s work, just like Friedmann’s, was rejected by the majority of the scientific community, including Einstein, upon whose theory their ideas were based. To persuade people, data was needed. Observations suggesting an expanding universe The easiest way to get a rough idea of the distance to a star is to compare its brightness to that of a star of known distance. The amount of light observed is inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the star. If two stars are equally bright, this can be used to work out the ratio of their distances. Stars vary greatly in brightness, so this method can only give a very rough figure. It’s accuracy was improved by focusing on a group of stars that are believed to be of approximately the same level of brightness. This group came in the form of Cepheid variables. The brightness of these fluctuates over time and the speed at which this happens can be measured. Data from Cepheids in the Small Magellanic Cloud (so the distances should all be reasonably similar) suggested that the amount of light emitted could be linked to the period of oscillation. It therefore seemed reasonable to assume that the ratio of the squares of the distances of two Cepheid variables was inversely proportional to the observed brightness. (http://map. gsfc. nasa. gov/universe/uni_expansion. html) Edwin Hubble used this to work out the distances to a large number of stars. All he now needed to see whether the universe was expanding, contracting or staying roughly the same in size was the recessional velocities of the stars. If the recessional velocities were mainly positive and proportional to distance from the Earth, it suggested an expanding universe. Mainly negative and getting more negative as you get further from us would indicate contraction. Mainly positive or negative with no correlation between speed and distance might suggest expansion in the first case and contraction in the second, but it would not be as simple as the other cases. A roughly even mixture of positive and negative recessional velocities would indicate a static universe. Recessional velocities cannot be measured directly. The change in distance over a short period is too small relative to the starting distance for the imprecise measurement system previously described to detect. Hubble instead used the Doppler Effect to find out the speed of retreat. The spectrum of observed light varies depending upon the elements present within a star. Each element gives a unique pattern of spectral lines. The amount these lines are red shifted can be used to measure the recessional velocity. Higher speeds result in a greater red shift. Observed frequency = f+fv/c f is transmitted frequency, v is velocity of approach of the object and c is the speed of the waves (the speed of light). (http://library. thinkquest. org/27948/doppler. html) Hubble made measurements of the distance to and the red shift of a vast number of stars and concluded that stars have a recessional velocity directly proportional to their distance from us, as would be expected in an expanding universe. He came up with Hubble’s Law, which states v=H0d v is recessional velocity, H0 a constant (Hubble’s constant) and d is distance. (Advancing Physics A2, p. 74) image00. png Hubble drew the above graph to show his results. The distance estimates have since been revised upwards. (http://www. phys. unsw. edu. au/astro/wwwlabs/hdfSize/hdfSize_intro. html) Early estimates of Hubble’s constant placed it at around 50-100kms-1Mpc-1, while newer estimates have narrowed it down to around 70-80kms-1Mpc-1. Hubble’s constant can be used for several things, including estimating the age of the universe. I shall use it to work out the approximate distance away a star would have to be for the observed frequency to be half the emitted frequency. observed frequency One Mpc is roughly 3. 26Ãâ€"106 light years, so the star would be about 6. 5 billion light years distant. Fred Zwicky suggested in 1929 that light may lose energy as it travels, which would explain the proportional relationship between red shift and distance. This idea was called the Tired Light hypothesis. This idea has not been very popular as it has trouble explaining some observations while expansion seems a much simpler solution. (http://www. astro. ucla. edu/~wright/tiredlit. htm) Theories to explain expansion Although many hypotheses were posited, two took prominence, the Big Bang and Steady State theories. The Big Bang theory gradually developed from Lemaitre’s idea of the primeval atom, while Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi created the Steady State theory. The Big Bang is the idea that the whole universe was created by the expansion of a very small and heavy region. The Steady State theory states that the universe is infinite in age, but new matter is constantly being created and space is expanding. Both theories gained great popularity, but there were some problems with the Steady State idea (http://www. alief. isd. tenet. edu/Hastings/student/2/steadystatestands. html). Some stellar objects, such as quasars, were only found at large distances, suggesting that the universe has changed in appearance over time, contrary to the Steady State principle that the universe should have been similar throughout time, despite its expansion. It also had trouble explaining the relative abundance of different elements, which is something the Big Bang model was able to do after a variety of calculations, including those published in the Alpher-Bethe-Gamow paper (http://physicsworld. com/cws/article/news/30915). Olber’s paradox may again be seen as a problem, though the suggestion was put forward that the light would be red shifted, so the sky would not always be bright as the red shift would move the light to a non-visible region. Despite this, the Steady State theory remained popular. One set of observations, however, changed this. The existence of Cosmic Background Radiation was predicted by the Big Bang model and it was detected in 1964 (http://archive. ncsa. uiuc. edu/Cyberia/Cosmos/Footprints. html). Some proponents of the Steady State theory attempted to explain this as the result of scattered light from distant stars, but they could not explain the black body spectrum produced. Following these results, the Big Bang theory became dominant and it currently remains so. Bibliography Paper sources All the sections up to, but not including, â€Å"Observations suggesting and expanding universe† are sourced from Big Bang by Simon Singh. Published by Fourth Estate in 2005. Advancing Physics A2, IoP, 2001 These sources should both be reliable as the second was published by the IoP, while the first is a well known popular science book, so any errors would have probably been highlighted by now. Internet sources http://www. phys. unsw. edu. au/astro/wwwlabs/hdfSize/hdfSize_intro. html http://www. astro. ucla. edu/~wright/tiredlit. htm http://www. alief. isd. tenet.edu/Hastings/student/2/steadystatestands. html http://archive. ncsa. uiuc. edu/Cyberia/Cosmos/Footprints. html http://adsabs. harvard. edu/abs/2005ApJ†¦ 635L.. 37R These sources are all from university websites, so should be reliable. http://physicsworld. com/cws/article/news/30915. Physics World is a magazine published by the IoP, so should also be reliable. http://library. thinkquest. org/27948/doppler. html According to the website, Thinkquest is written by students under a qualified teacher. Although it is not necessarily as reliable as the other sources, I feel that this is suffici.

Body Ritual Among the Nacirema

Connor Doyle Summary of Body Ritual among the Nacirema 10/20/2012 Introduction to Sociology The Nacirema Horace Miner depicted this cultural group located in Northwest America â€Å"living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles† (Miner 503). Closely imitating the United States of America. If you take a look at the Nacirema's name spelled backwards, its American. The concept behind this is that Miner wanted to describe American's rituals in a way that people would deem crazy.But in all actuality, it's what us humans do everyday and never think twice of it. For if we forgot to do one of these things, we would feel uncomfortable all day long. â€Å"According to Nacirema mythology, their nation was originated by a culture hero, Notgnihsaw,† Hines describes that, â€Å"he was known for two great feats of strength—the throwing of a piece of wampum across the river Pa-To-Mac and the chopp ing down of a cherry tree in which the Spitit of Truth resided† (Miner 503). This is referring to, what many religions call, God. It's a universal feeling that everyone wants to encounter, that their is a higher power somewhere.He then goes on to say the â€Å"Nacirema culture is charecterized by a highly developed market economy which has evolved in a rich natural habitat† (Miner 503). This is refering to our Free Market Economy. The way we evolved in a â€Å"rich natural habitat†, is that we've always been prosepering since our birth as a country. With the exceptions of some down falls, we have been the world's leading power. It states that the Nacirema focus a lot of activity on the human body and its appearance. He states that it is a dominate concern, making every other aspect in life second best.Though many cultures have similar rituals to this, regarding the body, these aspects on society are quite unique. They even believe that their own human body is ugl y making it a natural reaction to try and improve your situation. They also acknowledge the fact that the human body deterioates and attracts disease. Since man knows these facts, the only option left is to perform rituals regarding the improvement of your body. He says that in every Nacirema's house their is at lease one shrine devoted mainly to the self-improvement of the people. This is refering to what we commonly know as a bathroom.If you really come to think about it, the bathroom is almost souly used for self-improvement. Every action from shaving, to brushing your teeth is preconcieved and is subconcsiously telling you that you need these things everyday. He goes on to say that â€Å"the rituals associated with it are not family ceremonies but are private and secret. † Then he states that the only time you really talk about these rituals are to your children, and only telling them the basics while they are still growing up. Another big part of the Nacirema culture is the medicine man.He is the only one that knows what is in the secret potion. Every Nacirema believes that if they are to go without these magic potions, they would cease to live. It goes hand in hand with the culture of our society. If people don't have a cure for the smallest thing, they still feel vulnerable. We rely on so many perscriptions, medications, and cure-alls for a quick fix. Without these things, we as a society would feel completely weak. They say that the medicine man can only work if they recieve â€Å"substantial gifts† (Miner 504), which is the same for our doctors as well.Even when the Nacirema have been done with the charms, they still keep the expired remains in their drawer just for safety. In fear that without these charms, they would remain vulnerable. The medicine man is even able to make a women's breast larger or smaller, depending on the request. The holy man, refered to in the Nacirema culture, is what we commonly know as the Dentist. Miner says t hat in addition to brushing and maintaing their teeth, they visit a â€Å"holy-mouth-man once or twice a year. They refer to a Dentist tool's as â€Å"paraphernalia, consisting of a variety of augers, awls, probes, and prods† (Miner 504). To the untrained eye that's what it looks like. Not many other cultures around the world, that are not as prosperous, ever make visits to a Dentist. They go on to say that â€Å"these objects in the exorcism of the evils of the mouth involves almost unbelievable ritual torture of the client† (Miner 505). Their has always been a fear of pain when attending the Dentist. Young children dread going every year, but to their parents and their society it is standard to have a high maintance mouth.

Case study on Safeway Essays

Case study on Safeway Essays Case study on Safeway Essay Case study on Safeway Essay The name of my business that I have chosen for my case study is called Safeway. Safeway is one of the leading grocery retailers in the UK, with annual sales of around i 9 billion, 90,000 employees and nearly 480 stores nationwide. Their stores attract around 8 million shoppers every week. The type of my business is a public limited company. Safeway is in the tertiary sector because it purchases wholesale goods and sells them as a retail store. Originally Safeway was a US owned company called Safeway Food Stores Ltd. The parent company was Safeway Inc of California. Their first UK store was opened in Bedford in 1962. Over the next two decades the companys portfolio of stores rose to 133, establishing it as a serious player in the booming UK food retailing market. The business achieved steady growth until 1986 when it ranked as the 6th largest UK food retailer. Today (7th of January) you can buy a share of Safeway for i 2. 08. According to the Times Top 200 Companies it is the 80th in the biggest company in the UK with a market capacity of 2,914 million pounds. I am going to produce a case study which looks at how this company works and I have accessed their website which is www. safeway. com, contacted safe way and looked at materials published by them and by the top 100 companies index. Section 1 Safeway buys in bulk stock from farmers and manufactures or processes it and then sell the goods to the public. Safeways stated aim is to be the best at fresh food offering outstanding fresh foods of consistently high quality, sold in a stimulating and different way. They also aim to be best at availability, so customers can always find the products they want on the shelves. Safeways objectives are stated as 1. Focus on product and price Safeway will be recognised for offering great value and above all, great offers. 2. Best at fresh Safeway offer outstanding fresh foods of consistently high quality, sold in a stimulating and different way. The stores will have better lighting, improved layouts, wider assortment, and a real sense of abundance in merchandising as well as more colours. 3. Best at availability Safeway will be first for availability at all times. Our goal is that our customers will always find the product they want to buy on our shelves whenever they want it. 4. Best at customer service Safeway will offer the best all-round customer care in the sector. They have invested in increased store staffing and better training. Safeways mission statement is to sell food product at low prices. I think that despite what Safeway says, its main aims are to make a profit, and get a bigger market share. I dont know if they have an environmental policy on foods, but they do not on packaging. The board of directors are in charge of writing the aims of the business. They can decide to change the aims at their meetings. They will change the aims if targets have not been met, the company has already met its aim and need new ones; competitors are affecting the business or the government is changing the law. One of the main reasons that they check the business so that it runs well. The objectives change according to the competition they have from other companies like Tesco and ASDA, for prices, number of goods side etc.

English Learning Tips for ESL Learners and Classes

English Learning Tips for ESL Learners and Classes Here are a number of English learning tips to help you or your class improve your English. Choose a few English learning tips to get started today! Ask yourself weekly: What do I want to learn this week? Asking yourself this question every week will help you stop and think for a moment about what is most important to you. It is easy to focus only on the current unit, grammar exercise, etc. If you take a moment to stop and set a goal for yourself every week, you will notice the progress you are making and, in turn, become more inspired by how quickly you are learning English! You will be surprised at how this feeling of success will motivate you to learn even more English. More on how to improve your general approach to learning English. Quickly review important new information shortly before going to bed. Research has shown that our brains process information that is fresh in our brains while we sleep. By shortly (this means very quickly - just a glance at what you are working on at the moment) going over some exercise, reading, etc. before you go to sleep, your brain will work away on this information while you sleep! Other ideas on how your brain works While doing exercises and alone at home or in your room, speak English aloud. Connect the muscles of your face to the information in your head. Just as understanding the basics of tennis does not make you a great tennis player, understanding grammar rules do not mean you can automatically speak English well. You need to practice the act of speaking often. Speaking of yourself at home and reading the exercises you are doing will help connect your brain to your facial muscles and improve pronunciation and make your knowledge active. Do five to ten minutes of listening at least four times a week. In the past, I decided I needed to get fit and went jogging - usually three or four miles. Well, after not having done anything for many months, those three or four miles really hurt! Needless to say, I did not go jogging for another few months! Learning to understand spoken English well is very similar. If you decide that you going to work hard and listen for two hours, chances are that you will not do extra listening exercises any time soon. If on the other hand, you start off slowly and listen often, it will be easier to develop the habit of listening to English on a regular basis. Look for situations in which you must speak/read/listen to English This is probably the most important tip. You need to use English in a real world situation. Learning English in a classroom is important, but putting your English knowledge into practice in real situations will improve your fluency in speaking English. If you do not know of any real life situation, create new ones for yourself by using the Internet to listen to the news, write English responses in forums, exchange emails in English with email pals, etc.

Students should be able to understand and explain the main theories of Essay

Students should be able to understand and explain the main theories of organizational management and leadership and their application - Essay Example Management comprised of the following functions namely planning, organising, directing, staffing, co-ordinating, reporting and budgeting (Thenmozhi, n.d.). The X-Y theory was first conceptualised by Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, in the year of 1960. It refers the statutory and simple rules of managing people. There are two theories X and Y. In X theory, the nature of the persons are lazy. Mostly they dislike work and try to avoid it therefore most of the employees are subject to negative reinforcement and threatened by it. Such persons avoid responsibility and prefer to be directed. The exactly opposite picture can be shown in Theory Y. Here, people accept and seek responsibility. To achieve the organisational objective people usually apply self control and direction. Even, they are also rewarded for their commitment (Business Ball, n.d.). William Ouchi had developed Z theory in 1981. Basically this theory is referred to as ‘Japanese’ management style. This theory advocates the combination of theory Y along with the modern Japanese management. It indicates a large amount of freedom and trust with worker and it has been assumed that workers have a strong interest and loyalty (Business Ball, n.d.). A series of studies had been conducted at the Western Electronic Hawthorn Works from 1927 to 1932. Here, the professor Elton Mayo had experienced the impact of work conditions in the employees’ productivity. He had started this through examining the environmental and physical influence of the work place and then he moved towards the psychological aspects and its impact on the employee motivation. The outcome of the study exhibits that the employee productivity is fuelled by the psychological stimulus. It can be applied in the practical life also. Suppose, a management trainee has joined in an organisation and the management provide him training, separate work code etc. Thus, silently the